Global grain markets have been managing through extreme price volatility following Russia's invasion of Ukraine, a situation that has reignited the grain price rally of 2020-21. The Black Sea region is a major producer and exporter of wheat, in addition to being a critical hub for global agricultural trade.

Regardless of when the war ends, its impact on global grain trade will reverberate for some time as markets continually assess real and perceived supply shortages and re-adjust risk premiums. According to a new report from CoBank's Knowledge Exchange, the conflict will negatively affect global grain flows for at least two crop years, and likely longer.

"We expect a significant tightening in available stocks-to-use ratios for both corn and wheat," said Kenneth Scott Zuckerberg, lead grain and farm supply economist with CoBank. "Grain prices will remain elevated and volatile for the foreseeable future. It's an environment that will require U.S. grain cooperatives and exporters to maintain high capital levels and excess liquidity to fund operational and risk management activities."

Russia and Ukraine account for 14% of global wheat production and 29% of global wheat exports based on trailing five-year averages. While the two nations produce only 4% of global corn supplies, they account for 17% of corn exports. The war comes at a particularly tenuous time for Ukraine given its normal planting calendar, creating a risk for crop production and grain exports from the country.

Reduced current year plantings of corn and wheat in Ukraine, combined with a smaller winter wheat harvest in July and August, are expected to tighten available stocks-to-use ratios for both commodities, Zuckerberg added. Excluding Ukraine and China due to its stock reserves held from trade, CoBank expects that global available stocks-to-use ratios will fall from 6.6% to 4.0% for corn and from 15.0% to 10.5% for wheat.

In the near-term, India, Europe and Australia should be capable of backfilling some of the shortfalls in Ukraine exports to the Middle East and North Africa (MENA). The U.S., Brazil and Argentina will likely have the ability to fill the gaps in corn export demand.

As prices rise, U.S. elevators have opportunities to book profits on owned grain inventories purchased at lower cost-basis. However, higher capital will be required for purchasing, storage and hedging. Larger multinational exporters and traders will also require more capital to fund operations. They will also need to analyze and manage counterparty credit risk given the likely increase of trade with emerging market participants.

The war could serve as a food security wake-up call to MENA countries, which depend on grain imports from Russia and Ukraine. Should MENA diversify its partners, North and South America, Europe and Australia stand to benefit.

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