The Ag Economy Barometer rebounded in June to a reading of 126, 25 points higher than a month earlier. The barometer is based upon a nationwide monthly survey of 400 U.S. agricultural producers. Both of the barometer’s sub-indices, the Index of Current Conditions and the Index of Future Expectations, improved compared to a month earlier. The largest increase was in the Future Expectations Index, which rose 33 points compared to a 13-point improvement in the Current Conditions Index. The rise in the Index of Future Expectations effectively wiped out the two-month decline in future expectations that took place during April and May, pushing the index back up to the level observed in March. This was in contrast to agricultural producers’ sentiment regarding current economic conditions which, although improved from a month earlier, remained well below that of earlier this spring. The June reading of the Index of Current Conditions stood at 97, which was still 23 points lower than in March.

The improvement in farmers’ sentiment occurred in the midst of this spring’s corn and soybean planting delays in the nation’s mid-section, which is expected to lead to unprecedented levels of prevented planting claims for both corn and soybeans. The prospect of large prevented plantings, combined with expectations for yield reductions attributable to delayed planting, pushed both corn and soybean prices up sharply since the May survey was completed, which contributed to the sentiment improvement. From mid-May to mid-June nearby CBOT corn futures prices increased by about $1 per bushel (+28%) and nearby CBOT soybean futures prices also increased by nearly $1 per bushel (+12%). This month’s Ag Economy Barometer survey was also conducted after USDA announced on May 23 that a new round of Market Facilitation Payments (MFP) would take place in 2019 and after President Trump signed the Disaster Aid Bill in early June.

USDA’s announcement of a 2019 MFP program indicated that payments would be based on planted acres of a large number of covered crops, including corn and soybeans. In particular, USDA indicated that prevented planting acres would not qualify for MFP payments. In light of that announcement and the historic corn and soybean planting delays this spring, we asked producers who planted corn or soybeans in 2018 whether or not the MFP announcement affected their decision on whether or not to take a prevented planting payment this year. Ten percent of corn and soybean producers said it did impact their prevented planting decision making and one out of five farmers within that group said they intended to plant more corn, while one out of ten farmers within that group said they intended to plant more soybeans, because of the MFP program announcement.

The June barometer survey was conducted after USDA-RMA’s final planting dates for corn throughout the Corn Belt. Corn planted after RMA’s final planting date is still eligible for insurance coverage, but at a reduced coverage level. Alternatively, after the final planting date producers who purchased Federal Crop Insurance can choose to certify their unplanted corn acres for prevented planting payments, the size of which is based on their insurance coverage. As a result, one of the big question marks in the 2019 outlook is how many acres will be enrolled in Federal Crop Insurance’s prevented planting program. On the June survey we asked growers who planted corn or soybeans in 2018 if they intended to take a Federal Crop Insurance prevented planting payment on any of their 2019 intended corn acres. Nearly one-third (32%) of farmers in our survey said they intended to take prevented planting payments on some of their corn acres. Following up with those producers who intend to take a prevented planting payment, just over half (51%) of the farmers in our survey said they intend to take prevented planting on more than 15 percent of their intended corn acreage.

Wrapping Up

Farmer sentiment improved in June compared to a month earlier on the strength of a rise in crop prices coupled with USDA’s announcement of a 2019 MFP program and Congress’ passage of a Disaster Aid Bill. The sentiment improvement was motivated in large part by better expectations for future conditions in agriculture. Qualifying for MFP payments in 2019 requires that producers plant a crop, farmland enrolled in Federal Crop Insurance’s prevented planting program will not qualify. Approximately 10 percent of corn and soybean producers in our survey said the MFP program influenced their planting intentions by encouraging them to continue planting to qualify for MFP payments. Nearly one-third of corn and soybean producers said they intend to enroll some of their intended corn acreage in Federal Crop Insurance’s prevented planting program with just over half of them planning to take prevented planting on more than 15 percent of their intended corn acreage. Farmers indicated they are still very cautious about making large investments in their farming operation as the Large Farm Investment Index remains mired at its second lowest level since data collection began in 2015. Finally, compared to a month earlier, farmers were somewhat more optimistic that the soybean trade dispute with China would be settled soon.