After leaving no-till farming in 1972, Howard Martin decided to give it another try in the early 1980s. The combination of hard pan and thick residue caused the soil profile to remain moist through the corn planting season. This condition was lead- ing to stands that were only 40-50% of what they should have been. A study done by Iowa State Univ. on the connection between crop residue and soil temperature prompted Martin to pursue a solution.
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